Volume 1, Issue 5

Downloadable Version (.pdf format)

December, 2002

In this edition:

Hyper-Threading Technology
The latest innovation in CPU technology was released on November 14th of this year by Intel®. Hyper-Threading Technology was designed to enable Intel® desktop CPUs to take advantage of the performance increase offered by running multi-processors with multi-thread capable software.

Hyper-Threading Technology enables a single physical processor, (Intel® Pentium® 4 running at 3.06GHz. or higher), to be seen by optimized operating systems, such as Windows XP, and Linux with the 2.4.x kernel, as two logical processors. This allows multi-thread enabled software to send threads to both logical processors at the same time, enhancing speed, and eliminating wasted clock cycles which would normally be spent waiting for instructions to be processed.
 
Visual example of Hyper-Threading Technology
First Thread / Task Second Thread / Task
Without Hyper-Threading Technology
 
First and Second Tasks Simultaneously
With Hyper-Threading Technology
 

Requirements for Hyper-Threading
In order to take advantage of Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology, you will need to make sure you have the following:

1. A Pentium 4 processor at 3.06GHz or higher.

2. A Motherboard that has the necessary VRM that supports a 3.06GHz or greater processor which can accept variable voltages going to the core.

  • This is probably the most critical differentiator.
  • Variable VIDs allow for a greater manufacturing yield for Intel (top secret!). Most current P4s will have new steppings (most likely "D-1") which support variable VIDs.

3. A Chipset that supports Hyper-Threading technology.

  • Intel chipsets that support 533 MHz FSB:
    * 845PE
    * 845GE
    * 845GV
    * 845E, 850E
    * 845G "B-1 Stepping"; ("A-1 Stepping" does not support Hyper-Threading)

4. A MB that has a BIOS that allows for enabling or disabling the use of Hyper-Threading.

5. An Operating System with Optimizations for Hyper-Threading:

  • Windows XP Professional
  • Windows XP Home
  • Linux Kernel 2.4x

Note: You need to disable Hyper-Threading technology via BIOS switch with any other legacy OS, including:
• Windows 98, Windows 98 SE, Windows ME, NT 4.0, Windows 2000 (all versions)


Audigy 2 - In with the new!
  Creative Labs has, once again, released what will undoubtedly be the market leader for PC multimedia solutions for the foreseeable future. The Audigy 2 soundcard has been released to take the place of their Audigy soundcard which was released only last year. 24 bit technology, "higher resolution sound", and other features have finally become available on these cards. The Audigy 2 is equipped with many more advanced features then it's predecessor. The Audigy 2 conforms to the THX specification for audio quality. The gaming capabilities of the Audigy 2 are also taken to a very high level. EAX 3.0 is fully supported and the number of hardware streams in the DirectSound and DirectSound3D has been doubled to 64, up from 32 on the original Audigy

PCB Comparison: Audigy vs. Audigy 2

Audigy Audigy 2

  At launch Creative Labs released two different packages for the Audigy 2, the Audigy 2 and the Audigy 2 Platinum. The latter will have an internal drive unit which can be mounted into a 5 1/4" drive bay and provides front panel ports for analog and digital audio along with a SB1394/FireWire connector to make audio, video, and data transfer lightning fast. In 2003 Creative plans to release the Audigy Platinum eX which will sport an external unit in the style of their current Extigy box, as well as exclusive support of the ASIO2 and operation in this professional interface in the 24 bit 96 kHz mode (the junior models have ASIO1 which is fixed at 16 bit 48 kHz).  The Chart below compares the specifications between the two cards.

Sound Blaster Audigy and Audigy 2 Comparison Chart

 

Sound Blaster Audigy

Sound Blaster Audigy 2

Application

Standard 24-bit ADVANCED HD for Digital Music

Superior 24-bit ADVANCED HD DVD-Audio

Sound Blaster Quality

Sound Blaster 24-bit ADVANCED HD. 24-bit/96khz

Sound Blaster 24-bit ADVANCED HD. 24-192kHz

Audio Quality/bit Depth

16-bit/48kHz

24-bit DVD Audio Quality

THX Certification 

N/A

Yes

DVD-Audio

N/A

Yes

DACs

24-bit/96kHz

24-bit/192kHz

Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

100dB

106dB

Dolby Digital AC-3 5.1 Playback

Yes

Yes

Dolby Digital EX 6.1 Playback

N/A

Yes

Full Support for Windows Media 9 24 bit/96kHz

N/A

Yes

Recording

16-bit/48kHz

24-bit/96kHz

Connectivity

High Speed SB1394 Fire Wire Port

Yes

Yes

Analog Speaker Support

Headphone, 2, 4, 5.1

Headphone, 2, 4, 5.1, 6.1 Optical

Digital Speaker Support

Headphone, 2, 4, 5.1, 24-bit/96kHz Speakers

Headphone, 2, 4, 5.1, 24-bit/96kHz Speakers

Gaming

Simultaneous Environment Processing

Multiple

Multiple

EAX ADVANCED HD Multi-Environment

Yes

Yes

EAX 1.0 and 2.0 Support

Yes

Yes

3D Positional Audio

Advanced

Advanced

PC-to-PC Gaming with SB1394/FireWire

Yes

Yes

DVD Dolby Digital Ex: Using the Cyberlink PowerDVD 3.0 software (not included), you can enjoy the benefits of DVD movies with 6.1 channels of surround effects. The Audigy 2 decodes a second rear channel which adds a further layer of realism to all of your DVD Movies

Music and games: The supplied DVD-Audio sampler disc gives a good indication of the card's high-resolution audio performance.
The various tracks in 24-bit/96kHz audio resolution in six surround channels proved to be rich and detailed, putting most CD music to shame.
There is greater clarity in instrumental sounds. 
An acoustic guitar-driven track, for example, produced a "live" ambience of someone plucking guitar strings right in front of the PC. Even conventional 16-bit/44 kHz music CDs, such as stadium-rock songs from Oasis and the recent Elvis Presley remixed hit, A Little Less Conversation, sounds richer and clearer. For games, using the EAX Advanced HD environmental audio effects provide extra audio details that make the bundled Soldier of Fortune: Double Helix a realistic affair.

This is the best sound card to transform your PC into the ultimate home theatre system/game centre/audiophile delight to excellence.


PC Build Storage Decisions


When building a PC, one of the things that you need to consider and is often over looked, what type of Hard Drive storage is best for your needs? The Hard Drive is one of the most important items that you have in your PC next to the CPU. No matter how fast you’re CPU, if you are using a slow HD it will affect performance of your PC. The two main types of storage today are IDE and SCSI, and soon to be released Serial ATA.

There are some advantages and disadvantages to all types of drives.

First off if you are looking to build a PC for home or a small office it is suggested to go with the lower cost ATA IDE drives for this use. IDE drives provide good performance at this level and will work fine for the person concerned with price. When hooking up devices to the IDE channels it is recommended to hook your hard drives on separate channels  from the CD roms and other devices by use of an optional controller unless your motherboard is already equipped with it.

When building a workstation or server for businesses that has up to 50 people the best option for your needs would be SCSI but ATA IDE drives can also be used if price is an issue. When using the option of IDE raid you have two option of level 0 or 1 when setting up your raid.

Now for High end servers and power workstations the best option is the use of a high performance SCSI drives. They are best suited for the server or workstation that will be used very heavily or by greater 50 people at a time. Also if you’re in need of secure backup options as in raid level 5 with hot swap ability

ATA, Serial ATA vs  SCSI comparison

 

           ATA

    Serial ATA

          SCSI

Data Transfer Rate

400-600 Mbits/sec

  *  570 Mbits/sec

450-725 Mbits/sec

Maximum External Transfer Rate

100/133 Mbytes/sec

 * 150 Mbytes/sec

 320 Mbytes/sec

Cache Memory

       2 Mbytes

 *      8 Mbytes

       2-16 Mbytes

Access Time

8.0-9.5 milliseconds

*    9 milliseconds

3.9-5.2 milliseconds

Rotational Speed

5400-7200 RPM

  *    7200 RPM

7200-15000 RPM

Number of devices per controller

 4  devices Hd’s and other devices

point to point  connection depends on the controller

15 devices Hd’s and other devices

 * Serial ATA specs taken from Seagate  Serial ATA drives: Barracuda ST380023AS 80Gb, ST3120023AS 120Gb

ATA Connections   Serial ATA Connections
SCSI Connections 



Advantages and Disadvantages

  ATA Serial ATA SCSI
Advantages
  • Price

  • No extra controller needed

  • Point to point connections allows all drives to run at full speed

  • Smaller connector cable for better air flow

  • Hot swap ability 

  • Up to 15 devices can be run on a single controller
  • Hot swap ability with 80 pin SCA drives in use with hot swap bay
Disadvantages
  • Connecting second device to a channel reduces speed on second drive
  • Only 4 devices on a single controller
  • Availability (not yet available)
  • Purchase of controller card for older systems
  • Price
  • Purchase of a controller card with most systems

Digital Audio in PCs
 

PART 1 – Digital Audio Technology and Connectors

  PC audio technology is becoming more sophisticated every year.  The first sound card had a single, monaural audio output.  Today, a typical sound system handles over ten audio paths.  Another significant trend is the increasing popularity of high-bandwidth buses that can easily transport multiple streams of audio between PCs and other devices.  We now have Digital Audio Controllers and Ports as an alternative to standard Analog Audio I/O.  This increases the multimedia capabilities of desktop systems at a very reasonable cost.  What are the differences between Analog and Digital Audio, and what equipment do you need to take advantage of Digital Audio?

  To use digital audio you will need at least one audio controller with SP/DIF output (sometimes just labeled Digital Out), and a PC speaker system (such as the Creative Inspire 5.1/ 6.1 series) or home stereo equipment with SPDIF input.  SP/DIF is the Sony and Philips Digital Interconnect Format.  It can carry stereo channels with a sampling rate of up to 96 Ksps (kilo-samples per second) with a sample precision of up to 24 bits.  There are two types of connections, Coaxial Cable and Fiber Optic Cable.  Some devices have only the coaxial connector, while some will have the coaxial plus the fiber optic.  The coaxial is a small rounded connector, and the fiber optic a square one usually protected by a small plastic cover plug when not in use.

  When purchasing audio controllers and speakers, look for “SP/DIF” (sometimes written as SP-DIF or SPDIF) or Digital Out specification in the product description.  In a computer system the SP/DIF connectors can be either on the back of a sound card or on an I/O bracket that attaches to a header (pins) on the motherboard.  The Sound Blaster Platinum series also have Front Interconnect Panels that may have SP/DIF I/O connectors alongside the standard Analog connectors and controls.

 

An example of SP/DIF OUT connectors.

  Standard analog sound connectors on PCI audio cards or onboard audio controllers have several problems, mostly related to noise and lack of multiple audio channels.  Analog connectors can pick up many sources of EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) from the other components in the computer system.  Also with analog it is more difficult to implement surround sound stereo or Dolby 5.1 or even 6.1 discrete positional audio and more difficult to connect to home stereo equipment.

  Digital audio is easier to setup and is far superior for both 3D games (using such technologies as EAX Gaming or DirectSound 3D) and DVD movie playback using surround sound. You can adjust many of the advanced digital audio properties in the system software or device settings, and sometimes the Digital Audio outputs are not enabled by default so must be changed before you use the digital mode.

PART 2 – Creative 5.1 and 6.1 PC Speaker Systems

  Creative is now offering both 5.1 (model 5200) and 6.1 (model 6600 - see picture above) PC Speaker Systems.  5.1 surround sound has one center-front channel, a front-left and front-right, and rear-left and rear-right speaker channels, plus a subwoofer for a total of 6 speakers.  6.1 adds to this configuration a rear-center channel for additional discrete positional audio.  This gives you a total of 7 speakers.

  To get the full effect of 6.1 Surround Sound when playing DVD movies you need to use Dolby Digital Surround EX encoded movies and connect the speakers to the Sound Blaster Audigy 2 which has Digital Out.

See these links for more information:

http://www.soundblaster.com/eax

http://www.soundblaster.com/products/audigy2


CRT or LCD?

The two typical PC monitor styles that you see today have distinct advantages and disadvantages over one another. The CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors, which are the huge blocky and heavy type design, have been the dominant display devices for desktops since the early age of computers. CRT monitors have improved in their  overall image quality, reliability, and ease of set up.  At the same time, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors, which are the thinner and lighter style, use less energy, and are much more versatile than CRTs. LCDs have been improved significantly, and prices, which at one time were outrageously high, have fallen dramatically. The chart below will show the major differences between the two monitors characteristics and give you an idea of which one would be most suitable for you.
 

Comparison Chart

FEATURES:

 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)  LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Dimensions A CRTs weight increases as the screen gets bigger.  The typical 17" CRT weighs about 35-pounds. In contrast to a 21" CRT, which weighs about 64-pounds.  Besides the increase in weight, an increase in size makes a big difference when comes to space saving.  A 21" CRT could occupy ½ or ¾ of your workspace.    A typical 17" LCD weighs about 20-pounds.  About half the weight of a 17" CRT.  It occupies about ¼ of workspace.  Just imagine, a bulky microwave oven setting on your desk or a flat slim futuristic view panel sitting on you desk.
Resolution Higher resolution means sharper images.  CRTs can hit a multiple of resolutions and still remain crisp and sharp.  A typical 19" CRT can go from 640x480 to 1600x1200 without getting blurry images.  While a 19" LCD can only do 1280 x 1024, any other resolution will result in poor image quality.

Due to superior LCD sharpness, smaller screens look better at higher resolutions than CRTs can comfortably display. In the LCD world, the optimum resolution is termed the native resolution, which correctly implies that any other resolution may not be a smart idea.

When buying a LCD monitor, it doesn’t matter what size it is.  Make sure the panel’s native resolution pleases you.

Colors CRTs have no limitation on colors.  CRTs can go 24-bit color (16.7 million colors), 32-bit color (16.7 million colors), and beyond.  CRTs are capable of better color rendering and provide the user with more control over the appearance of color images in general.  LCD monitors have a hard limit on colors, usually 24-bit color (16.7 million colors) to 32-bit color (16.7million colors).  It is highly unnoticeable when using business software applications between the two monitors.
Refresh Rate Refresh rate is the number of times per second a monitor “paints” a picture on the screen.  CRTs use an electron gun to paint the picture and the result of this is a flickering display.  A flickering display is annoying and has been known to trigger epileptic attacks.  However, all most all modern CRTs run at 75Hz or higher at any resolution are too fast for flicker to be noticeable but this doesn’t mean that it’s flicker free like the LCDs. LCDs don’t have a refresh rate.  LCDs use millions of transistors (on or off) to create the pixels that generate the screen image.  This eliminate flicker.  Flickers are caused by the scanning pattern of a CRTs’ electron gun.  Anyone suffering from eye strain will find the high contrast, flicker free display far more comfortable to use.
Viewable Area The viewable area of CRT monitors measures slightly smaller than the advertised diagonal CRT size; a 19" CRT, for example, generally gives you an 18" screen area (because the measurement includes the plastic casing around the outside of the screen, called a bezel, or frame). The viewable area of LCD monitor goes right to the edge of the screen, unlike a typical CRT screen that has an image-free margin (usually hidden by the plastic surrounding it), so a 15" LCD monitor will have almost the same viewing area as a 17" CRT.

Pixels Response Time

CRTs use no resistors to turn on and off pixels, therefore its response time is very fast, about 8-12ms.  You won’t see any trail of ghost like images like the LCDs does.  If you are doing a lot of movie viewing or video editing, CRTs would be the best choice. LCDs are slower than CRTs when comes to response time.  Response time refers to the amount of time it takes for a pixel to turn on or off.  LCDs take 20-50 milliseconds (ms) for pixel to respond. The difference shows up in DVD movies, where fast-moving objects--particularly dark objects across a light background--may leave a slight trail of ghost images on an LCD.
Power Consumption CRTs are power-house monitors.  A typical 17" consumes about 80-90 watts. This emits a lot heat, which may not make any difference for home user but for institution, can lead to considerably high utility bill due to the use of air-conditioning to remove the heat. Power consumption for an LCD monitor is usually about 40-50 watts for a 17" display.  It’s about half of a CRTs monitor.  With less power mean less heat dissipation and lower utility bill.

New Intel XEON Chipsets

NEW INTEL DUAL XEON CHIPSETS - E7501 / E7505

 

E7501 (Server) E7505 (Workstation)

North Bridge

Intel® E7501 Memory Controller Hub (MCH) Intel® E7505 Memory Controller Hub (MCH)

Processor bus

400 / 533MHz (data)

400 / 533MHz (data)

Processor interface

Dual Intel XEON Socket 603/604  Dual Intel XEON Socket 603/604

Memory type

Dual-channel DDR266 (Registered ECC DDR Only) Dual-channel DDR266 (Unbuffered or Registered DDR Memory / ECC)

Max. memory size

16 GB (1 GB module per slot max) 16 GB (512MB modules per slot max)

AGP Speed

No AGP support AGP 8X/4X (0.8V) or AGP4X/2X/1X (1.5V)

Inter-Bridge bus

1.066Gb/sec bandwidth 1.066Gb/sec bandwidth

South Bridge

ICH3 (82801CA I/O Controller Hub) ICH4 (82801DB I/0 Controller Hub)

Support PCI Slot

6 6

IDE Speed

ATA 100 ATA 100
Integrated Graphics No No

AC'97

AC'97 2.2 compliant AC'97 2.2 compliant

CNR/ACR/AMR support

No No

10/100Mbit LAN

Integrated 10/100 Integrated 10/100
USB ports 3 controllers: 6 ports, USB 1.1 6 x USB 2.0

Other Features

Hyperthreading / Intel® 82870P2 64-bit PCI/PCI-X Controller Hub 2 Hyperthreading / Intel® 82870P2 64-bit PCI/PCI-X Controller Hub 2

See You Next Month!