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Volume 1, Issue 5 |
Downloadable
Version (.pdf format) |
December, 2002 |
In
this edition:
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Hyper-Threading Technology |
| The latest innovation
in CPU technology was released on November 14th of this year by
Intel®. Hyper-Threading Technology was designed to enable Intel®
desktop CPUs to take advantage of the performance increase offered
by running multi-processors with multi-thread capable software. |
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Hyper-Threading Technology enables a single physical processor,
(Intel® Pentium® 4 running at 3.06GHz. or higher), to be seen by
optimized operating systems, such as Windows XP, and Linux with
the 2.4.x kernel, as two logical processors. This allows
multi-thread enabled software to send threads to both logical
processors at the same time, enhancing speed, and eliminating
wasted clock cycles which would normally be spent waiting for
instructions to be processed.
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Visual example of Hyper-Threading
Technology |
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First Thread / Task |
Second Thread / Task |
Without Hyper-Threading Technology
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First and Second Tasks Simultaneously |
With Hyper-Threading Technology
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Requirements for
Hyper-Threading
In order to take advantage of Intel® Hyper-Threading Technology,
you will need to make sure you have the following:
1. A Pentium 4 processor at
3.06GHz or higher.
2. A Motherboard that has
the necessary VRM that supports a 3.06GHz or greater processor
which can accept variable voltages going to the core.
-
This is probably the most
critical differentiator.
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Variable VIDs allow for a
greater manufacturing yield for Intel (top secret!). Most
current P4s will have new steppings (most likely "D-1") which
support variable VIDs.
3. A Chipset that supports
Hyper-Threading technology.
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Intel chipsets that support 533 MHz
FSB:
* 845PE
* 845GE
* 845GV
* 845E, 850E
* 845G "B-1 Stepping"; ("A-1 Stepping" does not support
Hyper-Threading)
4. A MB that has a BIOS
that allows for enabling or disabling the use of Hyper-Threading.
5. An Operating System with
Optimizations for Hyper-Threading:
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Windows XP Professional
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Windows XP Home
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Linux Kernel 2.4x
Note: You need to disable
Hyper-Threading technology via BIOS switch with any other legacy
OS, including:
• Windows 98, Windows 98 SE, Windows ME, NT 4.0, Windows 2000 (all
versions) |
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Audigy 2 - In with the new! |
| Creative Labs has,
once again, released what will undoubtedly be the market leader
for PC
multimedia solutions for the foreseeable future. The Audigy 2 soundcard has been
released to take the place of their Audigy soundcard which was
released only last year. 24 bit technology, "higher
resolution sound", and other features have finally become available on these cards. The
Audigy 2 is equipped with many more advanced features then it's predecessor. The
Audigy 2 conforms to the THX specification for audio quality. The gaming capabilities of the
Audigy 2 are also taken to a very high level. EAX 3.0 is fully supported and the number
of hardware streams in the DirectSound and DirectSound3D has been doubled to 64,
up from 32 on the original Audigy
PCB Comparison: Audigy vs. Audigy 2
| Audigy |
Audigy 2 |
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At launch Creative Labs released two
different packages for the Audigy 2, the Audigy 2 and the Audigy 2 Platinum. The latter will have an
internal drive unit which
can be mounted into a 5 1/4" drive bay and provides front panel ports for analog
and digital audio along with a SB1394/FireWire connector to make audio, video,
and data transfer lightning fast. In 2003 Creative plans to release the Audigy Platinum eX
which will sport an external unit in the style of their current Extigy box, as well as
exclusive support of the ASIO2 and operation in this professional interface in
the 24 bit 96 kHz mode (the junior models have ASIO1 which is fixed at 16 bit 48
kHz). The Chart below compares the specifications between the
two cards.
Sound Blaster Audigy and
Audigy 2 Comparison Chart
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Sound
Blaster Audigy |
Sound
Blaster Audigy 2 |
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Application |
Standard 24-bit ADVANCED HD
for Digital Music |
Superior 24-bit ADVANCED HD
DVD-Audio |
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Sound Blaster
Quality |
Sound
Blaster 24-bit ADVANCED HD. 24-bit/96khz |
Sound
Blaster 24-bit ADVANCED HD. 24-192kHz |
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Audio Quality/bit
Depth |
16-bit/48kHz |
24-bit DVD Audio
Quality |
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THX
Certification |
N/A |
Yes |
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DVD-Audio |
N/A |
Yes |
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DACs |
24-bit/96kHz |
24-bit/192kHz |
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Signal to Noise Ratio
(SNR) |
100dB |
106dB |
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Dolby Digital AC-3 5.1
Playback |
Yes |
Yes |
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Dolby Digital EX 6.1
Playback |
N/A |
Yes |
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Full Support for Windows Media
9 24 bit/96kHz |
N/A |
Yes |
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Recording |
16-bit/48kHz |
24-bit/96kHz |
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Connectivity |
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High Speed SB1394 Fire Wire
Port |
Yes |
Yes |
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Analog Speaker
Support |
Headphone, 2, 4,
5.1 |
Headphone, 2, 4, 5.1, 6.1
Optical |
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Digital Speaker
Support |
Headphone, 2, 4, 5.1,
24-bit/96kHz Speakers |
Headphone, 2, 4, 5.1,
24-bit/96kHz Speakers |
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Gaming |
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Simultaneous Environment
Processing |
Multiple |
Multiple |
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EAX ADVANCED HD
Multi-Environment |
Yes |
Yes |
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EAX 1.0 and 2.0
Support |
Yes |
Yes |
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3D
Positional Audio |
Advanced |
Advanced |
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PC-to-PC Gaming with
SB1394/FireWire |
Yes |
Yes |
DVD Dolby Digital Ex:
Using the Cyberlink
PowerDVD 3.0 software (not included), you can enjoy the
benefits of DVD movies with 6.1 channels of surround effects. The Audigy 2
decodes a second rear channel which adds a further layer of realism to all of
your DVD Movies Music and games:
The supplied DVD-Audio
sampler disc gives a good indication of the card's high-resolution audio
performance. The various tracks in 24-bit/96kHz audio resolution in six
surround channels proved to be rich and detailed, putting most CD music to
shame. There is greater clarity in instrumental sounds. An acoustic
guitar-driven track, for example, produced a "live" ambience of someone plucking
guitar strings right in front of the PC. Even conventional 16-bit/44 kHz music
CDs, such as stadium-rock songs from Oasis and the recent Elvis Presley remixed
hit, A Little Less Conversation, sounds richer and clearer. For games, using the
EAX Advanced HD environmental audio effects provide extra audio details that
make the bundled Soldier of Fortune: Double Helix a realistic
affair.
This is the best sound card to transform your PC into the
ultimate home theatre system/game centre/audiophile delight to
excellence.
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PC Build Storage Decisions |
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When building a PC, one of the things that you need to consider
and is often over looked, what type of Hard Drive storage is best
for your needs? The Hard Drive is one of the most important items
that you have in your PC next to the CPU. No matter how fast
you’re CPU, if you are using a slow HD it will affect performance
of your PC. The two main types of storage today are IDE and
SCSI, and soon to be released Serial ATA.
There are some
advantages and disadvantages to all types of drives.
First off if you
are looking to build a PC for home or a small office it is
suggested to go with the lower cost ATA IDE drives for this use. IDE drives provide good performance at this level and will work
fine for the person concerned with price. When hooking up devices
to the IDE channels it is recommended to hook your hard drives on
separate channels from the CD roms and other devices by use of an
optional controller unless your motherboard is already equipped
with it.
When building a
workstation or server for businesses that has up to 50 people the
best option for your needs would be SCSI but ATA IDE drives can
also be used if price is an issue. When using the option of IDE
raid you have two option of level 0 or 1 when setting up your
raid.
Now for High end
servers and power workstations the best option is the use of a
high performance SCSI drives. They are best suited for the server
or workstation that will be used very heavily or by greater 50
people at a time. Also if you’re in need of secure backup options
as in raid level 5 with hot swap ability
ATA, Serial ATA vs SCSI comparison
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ATA |
Serial ATA |
SCSI |
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Data Transfer Rate |
400-600 Mbits/sec |
* 570 Mbits/sec |
450-725 Mbits/sec |
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Maximum External
Transfer Rate |
100/133 Mbytes/sec |
*
150 Mbytes/sec |
320 Mbytes/sec |
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Cache Memory |
2 Mbytes |
*
8 Mbytes |
2-16 Mbytes |
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Access Time |
8.0-9.5 milliseconds |
* 9 milliseconds |
3.9-5.2 milliseconds |
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Rotational Speed |
5400-7200 RPM |
* 7200 RPM |
7200-15000 RPM |
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Number of devices per
controller |
4 devices Hd’s and
other devices |
point to point
connection depends on the controller |
15 devices Hd’s and
other devices |
*
Serial ATA specs taken from
Seagate
Serial ATA drives:
Barracuda
ST380023AS 80Gb, ST3120023AS 120Gb
Advantages and Disadvantages
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ATA |
Serial
ATA |
SCSI |
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Advantages |
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- Up to 15 devices can be
run on a single controller
- Hot swap ability with 80
pin SCA drives in use with hot swap bay
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| Disadvantages |
- Connecting second device
to a channel reduces speed on second drive
- Only 4 devices on a
single controller
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- Availability (not yet
available)
- Purchase of controller
card for older systems
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- Price
- Purchase of a controller
card with most systems
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Digital Audio in PCs
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PART
1 – Digital Audio Technology and Connectors
PC audio technology is
becoming more sophisticated every year. The first sound card had a
single, monaural audio output. Today,
a typical sound system handles over ten audio paths. Another significant
trend is the increasing popularity of high-bandwidth buses that can easily
transport multiple streams of audio between PCs and other devices.
We now have Digital Audio Controllers and Ports as an alternative to standard
Analog Audio I/O.
This increases the multimedia capabilities of desktop systems at a
very reasonable cost. What are
the differences between Analog and Digital Audio, and what equipment do
you need to take advantage of Digital Audio?
To
use digital audio you will need at least one audio controller with SP/DIF
output (sometimes just labeled Digital Out), and a PC speaker system (such
as the Creative
Inspire 5.1/ 6.1 series) or home stereo equipment with SPDIF
input. SP/DIF
is the Sony and Philips
Digital Interconnect
Format. It
can carry stereo channels with a sampling rate of up to 96 Ksps
(kilo-samples per second) with a sample precision of up to 24 bits.
There are two types of connections, Coaxial
Cable and Fiber Optic Cable.
Some devices have only the coaxial connector, while some will have
the coaxial plus the fiber optic. The
coaxial is a small rounded connector, and the fiber optic a square one
usually protected by a small plastic cover plug when not in use.
When purchasing audio controllers and speakers, look for
“SP/DIF” (sometimes written as SP-DIF or SPDIF) or Digital Out
specification in the product description.
In a computer system the SP/DIF connectors can be either on the
back of a sound card or on an I/O bracket that attaches to a header (pins)
on the motherboard. The Sound Blaster Platinum series also have
Front Interconnect Panels that may have SP/DIF I/O connectors alongside the
standard Analog connectors and controls.
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An example
of SP/DIF OUT connectors. |
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Standard
analog sound connectors on PCI audio cards or onboard audio controllers
have several problems, mostly related to noise and lack of multiple audio
channels. Analog connectors
can pick up many sources of EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference) from the
other components in the computer system.
Also with analog it is more difficult to implement surround sound
stereo or Dolby 5.1 or even 6.1 discrete positional audio and more
difficult to connect to home stereo equipment.
Digital
audio is easier to setup and is far superior for both 3D games (using such
technologies as EAX
Gaming or DirectSound 3D) and DVD movie
playback using surround sound. You can adjust many of the advanced digital
audio properties in the system software or device settings, and sometimes
the Digital Audio outputs are not enabled by default so must be changed
before you use the digital mode.
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PART
2 – Creative 5.1 and 6.1 PC Speaker Systems
Creative
is now offering both 5.1 (model
5200) and 6.1 (model 6600
- see picture above) PC Speaker Systems.
5.1 surround sound has one center-front channel, a front-left and
front-right, and rear-left and rear-right speaker channels, plus a
subwoofer for a total of 6 speakers. 6.1
adds to this configuration a rear-center channel for additional discrete
positional audio. This gives
you a total of 7 speakers.
To get the full effect of 6.1 Surround
Sound when
playing DVD movies you need to use Dolby Digital Surround EX
encoded movies and connect the speakers to the Sound
Blaster Audigy 2 which has Digital Out.
See
these links for more information:
http://www.soundblaster.com/eax
http://www.soundblaster.com/products/audigy2
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CRT or LCD? |
The two typical PC monitor styles that you see today have
distinct advantages and disadvantages over one another. The CRT (Cathode Ray
Tube) monitors, which are the huge blocky and heavy type design, have been
the dominant display devices for desktops since the early age of computers.
CRT monitors have improved in their overall image quality,
reliability, and ease of set up. At the same time, LCD (Liquid Crystal
Display) monitors, which are the thinner and lighter style, use less energy,
and are much more versatile than CRTs. LCDs have been improved
significantly, and prices, which at one time were outrageously high, have
fallen dramatically. The chart below will show the major differences between
the two monitors characteristics and give you an idea of which one would be
most suitable for you.
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Comparison Chart |
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FEATURES: |
CRT
(Cathode Ray Tube) |
LCD
(Liquid Crystal Display) |
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Dimensions |
A CRTs weight
increases as the screen gets bigger. The typical 17" CRT weighs
about 35-pounds. In contrast to a 21" CRT, which weighs about 64-pounds.
Besides the increase in weight, an increase in size makes a big
difference when comes to space saving. A 21" CRT could occupy ½ or
¾ of your workspace. |
A typical 17" LCD weighs about
20-pounds. About half the weight of a 17" CRT. It occupies
about ¼ of workspace. Just imagine, a bulky microwave oven setting
on your desk or a flat slim futuristic view panel sitting on you desk. |
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Resolution |
Higher resolution means sharper images.
CRTs can hit a multiple of resolutions and still remain crisp and sharp.
A typical 19" CRT can go from 640x480 to 1600x1200 without getting
blurry images. While a 19" LCD can only do
1280 x 1024, any
other resolution will result in poor image quality. |
Due to superior LCD sharpness, smaller
screens look better at higher resolutions than CRTs can comfortably
display. In the LCD world, the optimum resolution is termed the
native resolution, which correctly implies that any other resolution
may not be a smart idea.
When buying a LCD monitor, it doesn’t matter what size it is. Make
sure the panel’s native resolution pleases you. |
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Colors |
CRTs have no limitation on colors.
CRTs can go 24-bit color (16.7 million colors), 32-bit color (16.7
million colors), and beyond. CRTs are capable of better color
rendering and provide the user with more control over the appearance of
color images in general. |
LCD monitors have a hard limit on
colors, usually 24-bit color (16.7 million colors) to 32-bit color
(16.7million colors). It is highly unnoticeable when using
business software applications between the two monitors.
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Refresh Rate |
Refresh rate is the number of times per
second a monitor “paints” a picture on the screen. CRTs use an
electron gun to paint the picture and the result of this is a flickering
display. A flickering display is annoying and has been known to
trigger epileptic attacks. However, all most all modern CRTs run
at 75Hz or higher at any resolution are too fast for flicker to be
noticeable but this doesn’t mean that it’s flicker free like the LCDs. |
LCDs don’t have a refresh rate.
LCDs use millions of transistors (on or off) to create the pixels that
generate the screen image. This eliminate flicker. Flickers
are caused by the scanning pattern of a CRTs’ electron gun. Anyone
suffering from eye strain will find the high contrast, flicker free
display far more comfortable to use. |
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Viewable Area |
The viewable area of CRT monitors
measures slightly smaller than the advertised diagonal CRT size; a 19"
CRT, for example, generally gives you an 18" screen area (because the
measurement includes the plastic casing around the outside of the
screen, called a bezel, or frame). |
The viewable area of LCD monitor goes
right to the edge of the screen, unlike a typical CRT screen that has an
image-free margin (usually hidden by the plastic surrounding it), so a
15" LCD monitor will have almost the same viewing area as a 17" CRT. |
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Pixels Response Time |
CRTs use no
resistors to turn on and off pixels, therefore its response time is very
fast, about 8-12ms. You won’t see any trail of ghost like images
like the LCDs does. If you are doing a lot of movie viewing or
video editing, CRTs would be the best choice. |
LCDs are slower than CRTs when comes to
response time. Response time refers to the amount of time it takes
for a pixel to turn on or off. LCDs take 20-50 milliseconds (ms)
for pixel to respond. The difference shows up in DVD movies, where
fast-moving objects--particularly dark objects across a light
background--may leave a slight trail of ghost images on an LCD. |
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Power Consumption |
CRTs are power-house
monitors. A typical 17" consumes about 80-90 watts. This emits a lot
heat, which may not make any difference for home user but for
institution, can lead to considerably high utility bill due to the use
of air-conditioning to remove the heat. |
Power consumption for an LCD monitor is
usually about 40-50 watts for a 17" display. It’s about half of a CRTs
monitor. With less power mean less heat dissipation and lower utility
bill. |
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New Intel XEON Chipsets |
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NEW INTEL DUAL XEON CHIPSETS - E7501
/ E7505
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E7501
(Server) |
E7505
(Workstation) |
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North
Bridge
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Intel®
E7501 Memory Controller Hub (MCH) |
Intel®
E7505 Memory Controller Hub (MCH) |
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Processor
bus
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400 / 533MHz (data) |
400 / 533MHz (data) |
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Processor
interface
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Dual
Intel XEON Socket 603/604 |
Dual
Intel XEON Socket 603/604 |
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Memory type
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Dual-channel
DDR266 (Registered ECC DDR Only) |
Dual-channel
DDR266 (Unbuffered or Registered DDR Memory / ECC) |
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Max. memory
size
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16
GB (1 GB module per slot max) |
16
GB (512MB modules per slot max) |
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AGP Speed
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No
AGP support |
AGP
8X/4X (0.8V) or AGP4X/2X/1X (1.5V) |
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Inter-Bridge
bus
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1.066Gb/sec
bandwidth |
1.066Gb/sec
bandwidth |
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South
Bridge
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ICH3
(82801CA I/O Controller Hub) |
ICH4
(82801DB I/0 Controller Hub) |
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Support PCI
Slot
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6 |
6 |
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IDE Speed
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ATA
100 |
ATA
100 |
| Integrated
Graphics |
No |
No |
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AC'97
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AC'97
2.2 compliant |
AC'97
2.2 compliant |
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CNR/ACR/AMR
support
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No |
No |
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10/100Mbit
LAN
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Integrated
10/100 |
Integrated
10/100 |
| USB
ports |
3
controllers: 6 ports, USB 1.1 |
6
x USB 2.0 |
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Other Features
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Hyperthreading
/ Intel® 82870P2 64-bit PCI/PCI-X Controller Hub 2 |
Hyperthreading
/ Intel® 82870P2 64-bit PCI/PCI-X Controller Hub 2 |
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See You Next Month! |
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