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Volume 2, Issue 7 |
Downloadable
Version (.pdf format) |
July, 2003 |
In
this edition:
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| PC
MEMORY TECHNOLOGY GUIDE
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Standard
PC Memory Modules
There
are a number of memory module technologies that have been developed in
the last several years. Here is a quick guide to what they are and
how to identify them.
SDRAM
(168-pin DIMMS)
= This is the standard memory modules used the last five years, ranging
in speeds from 66MHz to 100MHz to 133MHz.
SDRAM stands for Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory and is
synchronized to the system bus clock, making it much faster than older
DRAM technology. SDRAM
operates at 3.3 volts. Has two notches in connecting edge.
DDR (Dual Data Rate DRAM Modules)
= These are also 168-pin modules but has a single notch on the
connecting edge and
operates at a lower 2.5 volts instead of 3.3v. DDR
double the memory bandwidth (the amount of data passing through the bus
by triggering two bits of data per clock edge.
RDRAM
(16-bit 184 pin)
= RAMBUS DRAM (Developed by Rambus Inc.). Each RDRAM module fills half
of a 32-bit bank so a pair of modules are required per motherboard plus
two "blank" modules (CRIMMS). Will have metallic cover
and two notches near center of connecting edge.
RDRAM
(32-bit 232 pin)
= RAMBUS DRAM full 32-bit modules that do not need to be
installed in pairs. They use a 232 pin edge connector.
RIMM 4200 has a bandwidth of 4.2 GB/second. Has a different
notch than 16-bit RDRAM.
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DDR
Memory |
SDRAM |
RDRAM |
Registered
ECC DDR |
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Memory
Performance
Memory performance is
really a factor of what is known as bandwidth. Bandwidth is a measure of how much actual data (bits)
that can be transferred between the CPU and memory per second. The
higher the bandwidth (usually measured in Mega-Bits/ Second) the
better. Methods such as DDR and Dual Channel can double the
bandwidth over the maximum allowed by standard SDRAM, which is primarily
a factor of the front side bus.
The
basic formula for bandwidth = (bus frequency x data bus width) / 8
SDRAM and DDR memory
has 64-bit data bus width. You must divide by 8 to
convert from bits to bytes (1 byte = 8 bits). Also note that bus
frequency is the clock
speed, and if it is DDR than it is 2 x the base clock speed (example:
DDR266 is 2 x 133MHz).
For example: DDR333's bandwidth is 64 bits x 333MHz / 8, which equals
about 2664MB/s or 2700MB/s, hence the reason that it is called PC2700.
RDRAM is calculated
differently due to its different memory bus width. In the case of RDRAM
the formula is almost the same with the exception that RAMBUS is only 16
bits. PC800's Bandwidth therefore would be calculated as 16 bits x
800MHz / 8, which equals 1600MB/s, taking into consideration that RDRAM
supports dual channel functions, this doubles the effective bandwidth to
3200MB/s.
Using
Dual Channel Memory Controllers
There are a number of
new chipsets that allow for what is know as "dual memory channel"
configuration. The nVidia Nforce2 (Socket A platform), Intel 875P and Intel 865PE and 865G
(Pentium 4 platform) are
among these chipsets.
For example when using
a standard motherboard with Intel 865PE chipset there should be 4 DIMM
sockets, two for each bank.
You can use a single memory module and the system will run
(called single-channel mode), but you will not have maximum bandwidth.
To get the maximum
memory bandwidth you will need two matching size DDR400 modules (like Kingston
HyperX DDR400 memory), one in each bank and in "symmetrical slots."
Most of the newer board wills mark or color-code the slots so it
is easier to identify. Remember
they also need to be same bus width (16x or 8x) and all single sided or
dual sided. You can add 4
memory modules in two matching pairs for more RAM capacity but will not
get more bandwidth. than with two. Finally you must use a Pentium
4 @ 800FSB. This will give you matching 800FSB on the memory (2 x
400) and the CPU and best performance.
Special
Memory Terminology
Bandwidth = As
mentioned before this is the maximum amount of data (bits) that
can be transferred between the CPU and memory per second.
ECC
= Memory has built in Error-Correcting
Code that can detect and correct single-bit errors without halting
the system. Motherboard must
support this function in order for it to work.
REGISTERED
Memory (REG) = Memory that has register-buffer chips.
The buffer chips hold the data for one clock cycle before it is
transported onto the bus, making it more reliable.
Registered memory is used on many server motherboards.
Motherboard must support this type of memory or the system will
not boot. You will often see both ECC and Registered listed
together on one module, such as ECC REG memory, but they are
independent functions. EXAMPLE
OF REGISTERED DDR MEMORY (note the extra buffer chips) |
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Nvidia nForce2 400 and nForce2 Ultra400 |
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Not too long ago, the NVIDIA enthusiasts processor platform was the nForce2
SPP (System Platform Processors). Now, it has a new name, the nForce2
400 or nForce2 Ultra400. Both chipset are very similar. The main
difference between the two is that the nForce2 400 lacks a dual channel DDR
controller and it does not support the MCP-T south bridge. Without
those two features, the nForce2 400 is relegated to the mainstream level of
the performance market. On the other hand, the feature rich nForce2
Ultra400, which supports dual channel DDR and either the MCP or the MCP-T
south bridge is designed to reach to the enthusiast level of the performance
market. Another interesting thing to note, about these chipsets, is
that as of now, there is no version of these platform processors with
integrated graphics. Therefore, for integrated graphics users, you'll still
be looking at the original IGP or the optimized version, which was named
nForce2 with GeForce4 MX Graphics.
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| NVIDIA
nForce 2 Ultra400 and nForce 2 400 |
| North
Bridge |
Front Side Bus
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DDR Support
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Memory Channel
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# of DIMM Slots
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Max. Memory
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Memory Interface
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AGP
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MCP
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MCP-T
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NVIDIA nForce 2 Ultra400
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400MHz
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DDR400/
333/266
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Dual
Channel DDR
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3
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3
GB
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128-bit
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4X/8X
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Yes
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Yes
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| NVIDIA nForce 2 400
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400MHz
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DDR400/
333/266
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Single
Channel DDR
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3
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3
GB
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64-bit
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4X/8X
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Yes
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No
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| South
Bridge
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NVIDIA
Soundstorm
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NVIDIA
10/100 MAC
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3com
10/100 MAC
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FireWire
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USB
2.0
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IDE
Speed
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| NVIDIA
nForce2 MCP-T
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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Yes
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6
ports
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ATA-100/133
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| NVIDIA
nForce2 MCP
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No
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Yes
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No
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No
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6
ports
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ATA-100/133
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According to
NVIDIA, their ultimate mainboards will now feature "nForce2 Ultra400 +
nForce2 MCP-T".This solution is for extreme gamers, over-clockers,
multimedia enthusiasts and power users, and it is set to compete with the
Intel 875 chipset. On the other hand, "nForce2 400 + nForce2 MCP" was
targeted towards average home PC computing,
and is in competition with the VIA KT600, VIA KT400A, and SiS 748.
Another unique feature about nForce
processor platform is it's Unified Driver Architecture. The UDA
comes in one complete package that automatically installs the audio
driver, audio utilities, network driver, GART driver, SMBus driver, memory
controller driver, IDE driver, and the display driver. The nForce UDA
driver supports the Windows 9x, ME, 2K, XP, and Linux Operating Systems.
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New Intel
Chipsets |
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Intel 875P |
Intel 865P |
Intel 865PE |
Intel 865G |
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North
Bridge |
82875P |
82865P |
82865PE |
82865G |
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Processor bus |
800/533MHz (data) |
533/400 MHz (data) |
800/533/400 MHz (data) |
800/533/400 MHz (data) |
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Processor interface |
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478) |
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478) |
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478) |
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478) |
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Memory type |
Dual Channel
DDR400/333 |
Dual Channel
DDR333/266 |
Dual Channel
DDR400/333/266 |
Dual Channel
DDR400/333/266 |
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Max. memory size |
4 GB / 4 DIMMS |
4 GB / 4 DIMMS |
4 GB / 4 DIMMS |
4 GB / 4 DIMMS |
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AGP Speed |
AGP 8X |
AGP 8X |
AGP 8X |
AGP 8X + Integrated |
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Inter-Bridge bus |
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South
Bridge |
ICH5 |
ICH5 / ICH5R |
ICH5 / ICH5R |
ICH5 / ICH5R |
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Support PCI Slot |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
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IDE Speed |
ATA 66/100
SATA 150 |
ATA 100
SATA 150 |
ATA 100
SATA 150 |
ATA 100
SATA 150 |
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Integrated Graphics |
No |
No |
No |
Yes - (64MB of Dynamic Video Memory with Intel
Extreme Graphics 2) |
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AC'97 |
AC'97 2.2 |
AC'97 2.2 |
AC'97 2.2 |
AC'97 2.2 |
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CNR/ACR/AMR support |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
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10/100Mbit LAN |
"LAN Connect" Interface |
LAN MAC |
LAN MAC |
LAN MAC |
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USB ports |
8x USB 2.0 |
8x USB 2.0 |
8x USB 2.0 |
8x USB 2.0 |
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Other Features |
Hyper-Threading |
Hyper-Threading |
Hyper-Threading |
Hyper-Threading |
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PC Chassis Form Factors |
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Today it seems
like there is a myriad of form factors in computer chassis design. Sometimes
it isn’t an easy task discerning the difference between all of them.
Fortunately, form factor not also describes the general layout of a case,
but also helps us in selecting the correct components.
ATX Form
Factor:
Initiated by Intel in 1995. It has been the most widely used
form factor for some time
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ATX can accommodate either ATX motherboards, (12”x9.6”
Max Size), or any boards that are smaller in dimensions. ie: MicroATX . |
MicroATX Form Factor:
Technically this is a
motherboard form factor, and not a chassis one, but manufacturers have
created smaller chassis to accommodate these smaller boards. A lower output
power supply form factor called SFX was created to be used with not only
MicroATX, but also ATX chassis. Note that most MicroATX chassis can
also be used with an ATX power Supply
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The MicroATX motherboard maximum dimensions is 9.6”x9.6” |
FlexATX:
An even smaller design than that
of the MicroATX form factor, the maximum FlexATX motherboard dimension is
9"x7.5". The Flex ATX uses the same mounting holes as in the MicroATX
format. This might be of little interest to more serious system integrators,
as such a small system design allows little room for expansion and
flexibility in component choices.
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Minimal expansion
room limits the component selection for the FlexATX cases, but
their small footprint and style keeps them popular. |
WTX Form Factor:
Geared toward larger and higher
performance server systems. The maximum WTX motherboard dimension is
14"x16.75". This allows for systems with multiple processor configurations
and generous space for support of storage devices and other high-end
components.
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Motherboards as large
as 14"x16.75" can fit into a WTX form factor case. |
Extended-ATX Form Factor:
This is similar to the ATX form
factor, but can have motherboards of up to 12"x13" in size. This is a very
popular choice for entry level server systems as well as high performance
workstation systems. It not only allows for E-ATX motherboards, but also for
system boards that adhere to the ATX standard.
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E-ATX Chassis are
popular due to their ability to house many devices and flexibility of
component choices. |
With all of the choices
available these days you're sure to find a chassis that suits your needs.
Please feel free to contact ASI technical support for any assistance that
you may require. |
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NVIDIA
GeForce FX5800 and GeForce FX5900 |
NVIDIA's FX5800 technology looks impressive
on paper when compared to the ATI R9700 PRO but in real-world tests, the FX5800
performed badly with the ATI R9700 PRO beating it on every test. The
biggest problem found was probably the poor memory optimization coming from
fast DDR2 being combined with a small 128-bit memory bus. The results of FX5800
raised criticism from gaming enthusiasts for not meeting their
expectations and such bad reviews by various sites that NVIDIA decided to
discontinue the product. Even though the FX5800 is gone from the
marketplace, it's technologies have patented themselves into other NVIDIA creations
like the FX5200, FX5600, and the new FX5900.
The FX5900 (NV35 GPU) was built upon the power
of the FX5800 (NV30 GPU), adding in some new features and revamping other
areas entirely from the ground up making it the fastest graphic accelerator
on the market. Other enhancements of the NV35 over the NV30
include:
- 256-bit Memory Interface -
Increased amount of memory bandwidth.
- CineFX 2.0 Engine
- Doubles the performance of floating-point pixel shader operations.
- UltraShadow Technology
- Accelerates computations associated with shadows that originated
from multiple light sources and interactions of those shadows with
objects.
- High Compression Technology (HCT)
- Up to 50% increase in the likelihood for successful compression of
color, texture, and z data. Improvements in antialiasing
techniques and anisotropic filtering algorithms.
- Anisotropic Filtering
- Significant increase in performance when Quality (tri-linear) is
used.
- Runs Quieter
- The FlowFX cooling system has been eliminated.
NVIDIA newest GPUs utilize the latest Detonator FX
driver (Unified Driver Architecture) for increased performance. It
is backward and forward compatible across all NVIDIA GPUs platform.
It is supported in the Windows 9x, ME, NT, 2K, XP, Linux, and FreeBSD Operating
Systems.
The FX5900 comes in two flavors, the
moderate performance base model FX5900 comes with 128MB DDR RAM and the
"extreme performance" FX5900 ULTRA comes with 256MB DDR RAM.
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GeForce FX5800 and GeForce FX5900 |
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NVIDIA GeForce FX 5800
(NV30)
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NVIDIA GeForce FX 5900 (NV35)
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| Chip
Technology
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256-bit
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256-bit
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| Process
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0.13
Micron
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0.13
Micron
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| Transistors
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125
Million
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130
Million
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| Memory
Bus
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128-bit
DDR2
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256-bit
DDR
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| Memory
Bandwidth
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16
GB/s
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27.2
GB/s
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| AGP
Bus
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1x/2x/4x/8x
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1x/2x/4x/8x
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| Memory
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128/256MB
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128/256MB
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| GPU
Clock
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500MHz
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450MHz
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| Memory
Clock
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500MHz (1GHz DDR2)
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425MHz (850MHz
DDR)
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| Textures
per Texture Unit
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16
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16
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| Vertex
Shader Version
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2.0+
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2.0+
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| Pixel
Shader Version
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2.0+
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2.0+
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| DirectX
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9.0+
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9.0+
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| FSAA
Mode
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IntelliSample
(Mulitsampling)
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IntelliSample
HCT (Mulitsampling)
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| Memory
Optimizations
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Z,
Texture and Colour Compression; Crossbar Memory Architecture
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Z,
Texture and Colour Compression; UltraShadow;
Crossbar Memory Architecture
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| Display
Outputs
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3
(2 plus TV-out)
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3
(2 plus TV-put)
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| Chip
Internal RAMDACS
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2
x 400 MHz
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2
x 400 MHz
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| Computational
Precision
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128-bit
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128-bit
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| Special
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TV
Encoder On-Chip, DVC, VMR, CineFX, NView, NVKeystone, NVRotate
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TV
Encoder On-Chip, DVC, VMR, CineFX 2.0, NView,
NVKeystone, NVRotate
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New VIA Chipsets |
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KT600 |
KT400A |
PT800 |
P4X400 |
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North
Bridge |
KT600 |
KT400A |
PT800 |
P4X400 |
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Processor bus |
266/333/400MHz |
266/333MHz
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800/533/400MHz |
533/400MHz |
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Processor interface |
AMD Athlon XP
Socket A (462-pin) |
AMD Athlon XP
Socket A (462-pin) |
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket478) |
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478) |
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Memory type |
DDR
266/333/400MHz |
DDR
266/333/400MHz |
DDR
266/333/400MHz
(w/ECC) |
DDR
266/333/400MHz |
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Max. memory size |
4.0GB |
4.0GB |
8.0GB |
4.0GB |
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AGP Speed |
AGP4X/8X
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AGP4X/8X
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AGP4X/8X
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AGP4X/8X
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Inter-Bridge bus |
8X V-Link
(533MB/sec) |
8X V-Link
(533MB/sec) |
8X V-Link
(533MB/sec) |
8X V-Link
(533MB/sec) |
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South
Bridge |
VT8237 |
VT8235CE |
VT8237 |
VT8235 |
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Support PCI Slot |
6 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
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IDE Speed |
ATA 133/100
SATA 150 |
ATA 133/100 |
ATA 133/100
SATA 150 |
ATA 133/100 |
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Integrated Graphics |
No |
No |
No |
No |
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AC'97 |
VIA Vinyl
Six-TRAC six- channel AC'97 audio |
VIA Vinyl
Six-TRAC six- channel AC'97 audio |
VIA Vinyl™
Audio integrated 5.1 surround sound |
VIA Vinyl™
Audio integrated 5.1 surround sound |
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CNR/ACR/AMR support |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
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10/100Mbit LAN |
VIA MAC
10/100 Ethernet |
VIA MAC
10/100 Ethernet |
VIA MAC
10/100 Ethernet |
VIA MAC
10/100 Ethernet |
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USB ports |
8 ports USB
2.0 |
6 ports
USB 2.0 |
8 ports USB 2.0 |
6 ports USB 2.0 |
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Other Features |
MC'97 Modem Codec |
MC'97 Modem Codec |
MC'97 Modem Codec
V-RAID:
RAID 0, RAID 1, and RAID 0+1 & JBOD (SATA) |
MC'97 Modem Codec |
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See You Next Month! |
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