Volume 2, Issue 7

Downloadable Version (.pdf format)

July, 2003

In this edition:

PC MEMORY TECHNOLOGY GUIDE

Standard PC Memory Modules

There are a number of memory module technologies that have been developed in the last several years.  Here is a quick guide to what they are and how to identify them.

SDRAM (168-pin DIMMS) = This is the standard memory modules used the last five years, ranging in speeds from 66MHz to 100MHz to 133MHz.  SDRAM stands for Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory and is synchronized to the system bus clock, making it much faster than older DRAM technology.  SDRAM operates at 3.3 volts.  Has two notches in connecting edge.

DDR (Dual Data Rate DRAM Modules) = These are also 168-pin modules but has a single notch on the connecting edge and operates at a lower 2.5 volts instead of 3.3v.  DDR double the memory bandwidth (the amount of data passing through the bus by triggering two bits of data per clock edge.

RDRAM (16-bit 184 pin) = RAMBUS DRAM (Developed by Rambus Inc.). Each RDRAM module fills half of a 32-bit bank so a pair of modules are required per motherboard plus two "blank" modules (CRIMMS).  Will have metallic cover and two notches near center of connecting edge.

RDRAM (32-bit 232 pin) = RAMBUS DRAM full 32-bit modules that do not need to be installed in pairs.  They use a 232 pin edge connector.  RIMM 4200 has a bandwidth of 4.2 GB/second.  Has a different notch than 16-bit RDRAM.


DDR Memory

SDRAM

RDRAM

Registered ECC DDR


Memory Performance

Memory performance is really a factor of what is known as bandwidth.  Bandwidth is a measure of how much actual data (bits) that can be transferred between the CPU and memory per second.  The higher the bandwidth (usually measured in Mega-Bits/ Second) the better.  Methods such as DDR and Dual Channel can double the bandwidth over the maximum allowed by standard SDRAM, which is primarily a factor of the front side bus.

The basic formula for bandwidth = (bus frequency x data bus width) / 8

SDRAM and DDR memory has 64-bit data bus width.  You must divide by 8 to convert from bits to bytes (1 byte = 8 bits).  Also note that bus frequency is the clock speed, and if it is DDR than it is 2 x the base clock speed (example: DDR266 is 2 x 133MHz).

For example: DDR333's bandwidth is 64 bits x 333MHz / 8, which equals about 2664MB/s or 2700MB/s, hence the reason that it is called PC2700.

RDRAM is calculated differently due to its different memory bus width.  In the case of RDRAM the formula is almost the same with the exception that RAMBUS is only 16 bits. PC800's Bandwidth therefore would be calculated as 16 bits x 800MHz / 8, which equals 1600MB/s, taking into consideration that RDRAM supports dual channel functions, this doubles the effective bandwidth to 3200MB/s.

Using Dual Channel Memory Controllers

There are a number of new chipsets that allow for what is know as "dual memory channel" configuration. The nVidia Nforce2 (Socket A platform), Intel 875P and Intel 865PE and 865G (Pentium 4 platform) are among these chipsets.

For example when using a standard motherboard with Intel 865PE chipset there should be 4 DIMM sockets, two for each bank.  You can use a single memory module and the system will run (called single-channel mode), but you will not have maximum bandwidth.

To get the maximum memory bandwidth you will need two matching size DDR400 modules (like Kingston HyperX DDR400 memory), one in each bank and in "symmetrical slots.Most of the newer board wills mark or color-code the slots so it is easier to identify.  Remember they also need to be same bus width (16x or 8x) and all single sided or dual sided.  You can add 4 memory modules in two matching pairs for more RAM capacity but will not get more bandwidth. than with two.  Finally you must use a Pentium 4 @ 800FSB.  This will give you matching 800FSB on the memory (2 x 400) and the CPU and best performance.

Special Memory Terminology

Bandwidth = As mentioned before this is the maximum amount of data (bits) that can be transferred between the CPU and memory per second.

ECC = Memory has built in Error-Correcting Code that can detect and correct single-bit errors without halting the system.  Motherboard must support this function in order for it to work.

REGISTERED Memory (REG) = Memory that has register-buffer chips.  The buffer chips hold the data for one clock cycle before it is transported onto the bus, making it more reliable.  Registered memory is used on many server motherboards.  Motherboard must support this type of memory or the system will not boot.  You will often see both ECC and Registered listed together on one module, such as ECC REG memory, but they are independent functions.

EXAMPLE OF REGISTERED DDR MEMORY (note the extra buffer chips)


Nvidia nForce2  400 and nForce2 Ultra400
 

Not too long ago, the NVIDIA enthusiasts processor platform was the nForce2 SPP (System Platform Processors).  Now, it has a new name, the nForce2 400 or nForce2 Ultra400.  Both chipset are very similar.  The main difference between the two is that the nForce2 400 lacks a dual channel DDR controller and it does not support the MCP-T south bridge.  Without those two features, the nForce2 400 is relegated to the mainstream level of the performance market.  On the other hand, the feature rich nForce2 Ultra400, which supports dual channel DDR and either the MCP or the MCP-T south bridge is designed to reach to the enthusiast level of the performance market.  Another interesting thing to note, about these chipsets, is that as of now, there is no version of these platform processors with integrated graphics. Therefore, for integrated graphics users, you'll still be looking at the original IGP or the optimized version, which was named nForce2 with GeForce4 MX Graphics.

 

NVIDIA nForce 2 Ultra400 and nForce 2 400 
North Bridge

Front Side Bus

DDR Support

Memory Channel # of DIMM Slots Max. Memory Memory Interface AGP MCP MCP-T
NVIDIA nForce 2 Ultra400 400MHz DDR400/ 333/266 Dual Channel DDR 3 3 GB 128-bit 4X/8X Yes Yes
NVIDIA nForce 2 400 400MHz DDR400/ 333/266 Single Channel DDR 3 3 GB 64-bit 4X/8X Yes No

 

South Bridge NVIDIA Soundstorm NVIDIA 10/100 MAC 3com 10/100 MAC FireWire USB 2.0 IDE Speed
NVIDIA nForce2 MCP-T Yes Yes Yes Yes 6 ports ATA-100/133
NVIDIA nForce2 MCP No Yes No No 6 ports ATA-100/133

According to NVIDIA, their ultimate mainboards will now feature "nForce2 Ultra400 + nForce2 MCP-T".This solution is for extreme gamers, over-clockers, multimedia enthusiasts and power users, and it is set to compete with the Intel 875 chipset.  On the other hand, "nForce2 400 + nForce2 MCP" was targeted towards average home PC computing, and is in competition with the VIA KT600, VIA KT400A, and SiS 748.

Another unique feature about nForce processor platform is it's Unified Driver Architecture.  The UDA comes in one complete package that automatically installs the audio driver, audio utilities, network driver, GART driver, SMBus driver, memory controller driver, IDE driver, and the display driver.  The nForce UDA driver supports the Windows 9x, ME, 2K, XP, and Linux Operating Systems.


New Intel Chipsets
  Intel 875P Intel 865P Intel 865PE Intel 865G
North Bridge 82875P 82865P 82865PE 82865G
Processor bus 800/533MHz (data) 533/400 MHz (data) 800/533/400 MHz (data) 800/533/400 MHz (data)
Processor interface Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478)
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478)
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478)
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478)
Memory type Dual Channel
DDR400/333
Dual Channel
DDR333/266
Dual Channel
DDR400/333/266
Dual Channel
DDR400/333/266
Max. memory size 4 GB / 4 DIMMS 4 GB / 4 DIMMS 4 GB / 4 DIMMS 4 GB / 4 DIMMS
AGP Speed AGP 8X AGP 8X AGP 8X AGP 8X + Integrated
Inter-Bridge bus        
South Bridge ICH5 ICH5 / ICH5R ICH5 / ICH5R ICH5 / ICH5R
Support PCI Slot 6 6 6 6
IDE Speed ATA 66/100
SATA 150
ATA 100
SATA 150
ATA 100
SATA 150
ATA 100
SATA 150
Integrated Graphics No No No Yes - (64MB of Dynamic Video Memory with Intel Extreme Graphics 2)
AC'97 AC'97 2.2 AC'97 2.2 AC'97 2.2 AC'97 2.2
CNR/ACR/AMR support Yes Yes Yes Yes
10/100Mbit LAN "LAN Connect" Interface LAN MAC LAN MAC LAN MAC
USB ports 8x USB 2.0 8x USB 2.0 8x USB 2.0 8x USB 2.0
Other Features Hyper-Threading Hyper-Threading Hyper-Threading Hyper-Threading

PC Chassis Form Factors


Today it seems like there is a myriad of form factors in computer chassis design. Sometimes it isn’t an easy task discerning the difference between all of them. Fortunately, form factor not also describes the general layout of a case, but also helps us in selecting the correct components.

ATX Form Factor:

Initiated by Intel in 1995.  It has been the most widely used form factor for some time

ATX can accommodate either ATX motherboards, (12”x9.6” Max Size), or any boards that are smaller in dimensions.  ie: MicroATX .

MicroATX Form Factor:

Technically this is a motherboard form factor, and not a chassis one, but manufacturers have created smaller chassis to accommodate these smaller boards. A lower output power supply form factor called SFX was created to be used with not only MicroATX, but also ATX chassis. Note that most  MicroATX chassis can also be used with an ATX power Supply

The MicroATX motherboard maximum dimensions is 9.6”x9.6”

FlexATX:

An even smaller design than that of the MicroATX form factor, the maximum FlexATX motherboard dimension is 9"x7.5". The Flex ATX uses the same mounting holes as in the MicroATX format. This might be of little interest to more serious system integrators, as such a small system design allows little room for expansion and flexibility in component choices.

Minimal expansion room limits the component selection for the FlexATX cases, but their small footprint and style keeps them popular.

WTX Form Factor:

Geared toward larger and higher performance server systems. The maximum WTX motherboard dimension is 14"x16.75". This allows for systems with multiple processor configurations and generous space for support of storage devices and other high-end components.

Motherboards as large as 14"x16.75" can fit into a WTX form factor case.

Extended-ATX Form Factor:

This is similar to the ATX form factor, but can have motherboards of up to 12"x13" in size. This is a very popular choice for entry level server systems as well as high performance workstation systems. It not only allows for E-ATX motherboards, but also for system boards that adhere to the ATX standard.

E-ATX Chassis are popular due to their ability to house many devices and flexibility of component choices.

With all of the choices available these days you're sure to find a chassis that suits your needs. Please feel free to contact ASI technical support for any assistance that you may require.


NVIDIA GeForce FX5800 and GeForce FX5900

NVIDIA's FX5800 technology looks impressive on paper when compared to the ATI R9700 PRO but in real-world tests, the FX5800 performed badly with the ATI R9700 PRO beating it on every test.  The biggest problem found was probably the poor memory optimization coming from fast DDR2 being combined with a small 128-bit memory bus.  The results of FX5800 raised criticism from gaming enthusiasts for not meeting their expectations and such bad reviews by various sites that NVIDIA decided to discontinue the product.  Even though the FX5800 is gone from the marketplace, it's technologies have patented themselves into other NVIDIA creations like the FX5200, FX5600, and the new FX5900.

The FX5900 (NV35 GPU) was built upon the power of the FX5800 (NV30 GPU), adding in some new features and revamping other areas entirely from the ground up making it the fastest graphic accelerator on the market. Other enhancements of the NV35 over the NV30 include:

  • 256-bit Memory Interface - Increased amount of memory bandwidth.
  • CineFX 2.0 Engine - Doubles the performance of floating-point pixel shader operations.
  • UltraShadow Technology - Accelerates computations associated with shadows that originated from multiple light sources and interactions of those shadows with objects.
  • High Compression Technology (HCT) - Up to 50% increase in the likelihood for successful compression of color, texture, and z data.  Improvements in antialiasing techniques and anisotropic filtering algorithms.
  • Anisotropic Filtering - Significant increase in performance when Quality (tri-linear) is used.
  • Runs Quieter - The FlowFX cooling system has been eliminated.

NVIDIA newest GPUs utilize the latest Detonator FX driver (Unified Driver Architecture) for increased performance. It is backward and forward compatible across all NVIDIA GPUs platform.  It is supported in the Windows 9x, ME, NT, 2K, XP, Linux, and FreeBSD Operating Systems.

The FX5900 comes in two flavors, the moderate performance base model FX5900 comes with 128MB DDR RAM and the "extreme performance" FX5900 ULTRA comes with 256MB DDR RAM.

 

NVIDIA GeForce FX5800 and GeForce FX5900 
 

NVIDIA GeForce FX 5800 (NV30)

NVIDIA GeForce FX 5900 (NV35)
Chip Technology 256-bit 256-bit
Process 0.13 Micron 0.13 Micron
Transistors 125 Million 130 Million
Memory Bus 128-bit DDR2 256-bit DDR
Memory Bandwidth 16 GB/s 27.2 GB/s
AGP Bus 1x/2x/4x/8x 1x/2x/4x/8x
Memory 128/256MB 128/256MB
GPU Clock 500MHz 450MHz
Memory Clock 500MHz (1GHz DDR2) 425MHz (850MHz DDR)
Textures per Texture Unit 16 16
Vertex Shader Version 2.0+ 2.0+
Pixel Shader Version 2.0+ 2.0+
DirectX 9.0+ 9.0+
FSAA Mode IntelliSample (Mulitsampling) IntelliSample HCT (Mulitsampling)
Memory Optimizations Z, Texture and Colour Compression; Crossbar Memory Architecture Z, Texture and Colour Compression; UltraShadow; Crossbar Memory Architecture
Display Outputs 3 (2 plus TV-out) 3 (2 plus TV-put)
Chip Internal RAMDACS 2 x 400 MHz 2 x 400 MHz
Computational Precision 128-bit 128-bit
Special TV Encoder On-Chip, DVC, VMR, CineFX, NView, NVKeystone, NVRotate TV Encoder On-Chip, DVC, VMR, CineFX 2.0, NView, NVKeystone, NVRotate

New VIA Chipsets
  KT600 KT400A PT800 P4X400
North Bridge KT600 KT400A PT800 P4X400
Processor bus 266/333/400MHz 266/333MHz 800/533/400MHz 533/400MHz
Processor interface AMD Athlon XP
Socket A (462-pin)
AMD Athlon XP
Socket A (462-pin)
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket478)
Intel Pentium 4
(Socket 478)
Memory type DDR 266/333/400MHz DDR 266/333/400MHz DDR 266/333/400MHz
(w/ECC)
DDR 266/333/400MHz
Max. memory size 4.0GB 4.0GB 8.0GB 4.0GB
AGP Speed AGP4X/8X AGP4X/8X AGP4X/8X AGP4X/8X
Inter-Bridge bus 8X V-Link (533MB/sec) 8X V-Link (533MB/sec) 8X V-Link (533MB/sec) 8X V-Link (533MB/sec)
South Bridge VT8237 VT8235CE VT8237 VT8235
Support PCI Slot 6 6 6 6
IDE Speed ATA 133/100
SATA 150
ATA 133/100 ATA 133/100
SATA 150
ATA 133/100
Integrated Graphics No No No No
AC'97 VIA Vinyl Six-TRAC six- channel AC'97 audio VIA Vinyl Six-TRAC six- channel AC'97 audio VIA Vinyl™ Audio integrated 5.1 surround sound VIA Vinyl™ Audio integrated 5.1 surround sound
CNR/ACR/AMR support N/A N/A N/A N/A
10/100Mbit LAN VIA MAC 10/100 Ethernet VIA MAC 10/100 Ethernet VIA MAC 10/100 Ethernet VIA MAC 10/100 Ethernet
USB ports 8 ports USB 2.0 6 ports USB 2.0 8 ports USB 2.0 6 ports USB 2.0
Other Features MC'97 Modem Codec MC'97 Modem Codec MC'97 Modem Codec
V-RAID: RAID 0, RAID 1, and RAID 0+1 & JBOD (SATA)
MC'97 Modem Codec

See You Next Month!